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Kamehameha Schools, formerly called Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate (KSBE), is a private school system in Hawaii established by the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, under the terms of the will of Bernice Pauahi Bishop,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Kamehameha Schools )〕 who was a formal member of the House of Kamehameha. Bishop's will established a trust called the "Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate" that is Hawaii's largest private landowner. Originally established in 1887 as an all-boys school for native Hawaiian children, it shared its grounds with the Bishop Museum. After it moved to another location, the museum took over two school halls. Kamehameha Schools opened its girls' school in 1894. It became coeducational in 1965. The Kapālama campus opened in 1931, while the Maui and Hawaii campuses opened in 1996 and 2001, respectively.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kamehameha Schools - Facts )〕 It was developed at the bequest of Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop to educate children of Hawaiian descent, and is designed to serve students from preschool through twelfth grade. The school teaches in the English language a college-prep education enhanced by Hawaiian culture, language and practices, imparting historical and practical value of continuing Hawaiian traditions. It operates 31 preschools statewide and three grade K–12 campuses in Kapālama, Oahu, Pukalani, Maui, and Keaau, Hawaii. By the terms of its founding, the schools' admissions policy prefers applicants with Native Hawaiian ancestry. Since 1965 it has excluded all but two non-Hawaiians from being admitted. A lawsuit challenging the school's admission policy resulted in a narrow victory for Kamehameha in the Ninth Circuit Court; however, Kamehameha ultimately settled, paying the plaintiff $7 million.〔 As of the 2011–12 school year, Kamehameha had an enrollment of 5,398 students at its three main campuses and 1,317 children at its preschools, for a total enrollment of 6,715.〔 Beyond its campuses, Kamehameha served an estimated 46,923 Hawaiians in 2011 through its support for public schools, charter schools, and families and caregivers throughout Hawaii. ==History== In 1883, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a member of the Hawaiian Royal Family, directed in her will, after naming heirs for gifts of money and land, that the remainder of her estate be held in trust to create the Kamehameha Schools. Part of the Bishop estate was inherited from her cousin Ruth Keelikōlani, who had inherited a substantial amount from Kamehameha V. Both Bernice and Ruth had also inherited a portion of the Lunalilo/Kanaina estates,. At one time, Lunalilo was one of the largest land owners in Hawaii. Bernice named Samuel Mills Damon, William Owen Smith, Charles Montague Cooke, Charles McEwen Hyde, and her husband, Charles Reed Bishop, as the original five trustees to invest her estate at their discretion, use the income to operate the schools, and also "to devote a portion of each year's income to the support and education of orphans, and others in indigent circumstances, giving the preference to Hawaiians of pure or part aboriginal blood." She also directed the Hawaii (Kingdom) Supreme Court to appoint replacement trustees and required that all teachers be Protestant, without regard to denomination.〔 After Bishop's death in 1884, her husband Charles Reed Bishop carried out her will. Reverend William Brewster Oleson (1851–1915), former principal of the Hilo boarding school founded by David Belden Lyman in 1836, helped organize the schools on a similar model of European-American education. The original Kamehameha School for Boys opened in 1887; after it moved to a new campus, that site was later taken over by the Bishop Museum. The girls' school opened nearby in 1894. The preparatory school, originally serving grades K–6, opened in 1888 adjacent to the boys' school. By 1955, all three schools had moved to the current campus in Kapālama Heights. The schools became co-ed in 1965〔 In 1996, the school opened a campus on Maui, followed in 2001 by the campus on Hawaii. In 1991, The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) brought suit against Kamehameha Schools alleging that its requirement that all teachers be Protestant was religious discrimination in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.〔Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate, 780 F.Supp. 1317 (D.Haw.1991).〕 Although Kamehameha Schools conceded the practice was discriminatory, the School maintained that it was bound by the provisions of Bernice Pauahi Bishop's will, which established the charitable trust creating the School as well as mandating that all the teachers "be persons of the Protestant religion."〔Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate, 780 F.Supp. 1317 (D.Haw.1991)〕 Accordingly, the School sought to be included within one of the applicable exemptions to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The United States District Court for the District of Hawaii found in the School's favor, ruling that the religious education exemption, the religious curriculum exemption, and the bona fide occupational qualification exemption were each applicable to Kamehameha Schools.〔 The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court, holding that none of the exemptions to the Civil Rights Act was applicable since the School was essentially a secular and not primarily a religious institution despite certain historical traditions including Protestantism.〔Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir.1993); http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/990/990.F2d.458.91-16586.html〕 As a result, the requirement that all teachers be Protestant was held to be a violation of the Civil Rights Act. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kamehameha Schools」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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